马拉喀什建立世界贸易组织协定——附件３：贸易政策审议机制

【时效性】 有效
【签订地点】 马拉喀什
【签订日期】 1994/04/15
【生效日期】 1994/05/15
【失效日期】
【内容分类】
【文号】
【题注】
【正文】
各成员特此协议如下：

Ａ．目标
（ｉ）贸易政策审议机制（“ＴＰＲＭ”）的目的在于通过提高各成员贸易政策和做法的透明度并使之得到更好的理解，有助于所有成员更好地遵守多边贸易协定和适用的诸边贸易协定的规则、纪律和在各协定项下所作的承诺，从而有助于多边贸易体制更加平稳地运行。为此，审议机制可以对各成员的全部贸易政策和做法及其对多边贸易体制运行的影响进行定期的集体评价和评估。但是，该机制无意作为履行各协定项下具体义务或争端解决程序的基础，也无意向各成员强加新的政策承诺。
（ｉｉ）根据审议机制所进行的评估，在有关的范围内，均以有关成员更广泛的经济和发展需要、政策和目标及其外部环境为背景进行。但是，审议机制的职能是审查一成员的贸易政策和做法对多边贸易体制的影响。
Ｂ．国内透明度
各成员认识到政府在贸易政策问题上决策的国内透明度对各成员的经济和多边贸易体制具有的固有价值，并同意在各自体制内鼓励和促进提高透明度，同时承认国内透明度的落实必须以自愿为基础，并考虑每一成员的法律和政治体制。
Ｃ．审议程序
（ｉ）特此设立贸易政策审议机构（下称“ＴＰＲＢ”），负责实施贸易政策审议。
（ｉｉ）所有成员的贸易政策和做法均应接受定期审议。各成员对多边贸易体制运行的影响是确定审议频率的决定因素，此种影响按其在一最近代表期的世界贸易中所占份额确定。按此确认的前４个贸易实体（欧洲共同体计为一实体）每２年审议一次。其后的１６个实体每４年审议一次。其他成员每６年审议一次，但可对最不发达国家成员确定更长的期限。各方理解，对于包括一个以上成员、拥有共同对外政策的实体的审议，应涵盖其影响贸易的政策的所有部分，包括各成员的有关政策和做法。作为例外，如一成员贸易政策或做法的变更可能对其贸易伙伴产生重大影响，则ＴＰＲＢ在进行磋商后，可要求该有关成员提前进行下一次审议。
（ｉｉｉ）在ＴＰＲＢ会议上的讨论应按Ａ款所列目标进行。讨论的重点应为成员的贸易政策和做法，即审议机制下评估的主题。
（ｉｖ）ＴＰＲＢ应为实施审议制定基本计划。还可讨论和注意各成员更新的报告。ＴＰＲＢ应通过与直接有关的成员进行磋商，制定每年的审议计划。主席在与接受审议的一个或多个成员磋商后，可选出讨论人，讨论人以个人身份行事，负责引导在ＴＰＲＢ中进行的讨论。
（ｖ）ＴＰＲＢ的工作应以下列文件为基础：
（ａ）由接受审议的一个或多个成员提供的一份Ｄ款所指的全面报告；
（ｂ）由秘书处自行负责根据其可获得的和一个或多个有关成员提供的信息起草的报告。秘书处应寻求一个或多个有关成员对其贸易政策和做法进行澄清。
（ｖｉ）由接受审议的成员和秘书处提交的报告，与ＴＰＲＢ有关会议的记录一起，应在审议后迅速公布。
（ｖｉｉ）这些文件将送交部长级会议，部长级会议应注意到这些文件。
Ｄ．报告
为实现尽可能最充分的透明度，每一成员应定期向ＴＰＲＢ报告。全面报告应根据将由ＴＰＲＢ决定的议定格式，描述有关成员实施的贸易政策和做法。该格式最初应以由《１９８９年７月１９日决定》（ＢＩＳＤ３６册４０６至４０９页）所确定的“国别报告提纲格式”为基础，并作必要修正，将报告的范围扩展到附件１所列多边贸易协定和适用的诸边贸易协定所涵盖的贸易政策的所有方面。此格式可由ＴＰＲＢ根据经验进行修改。在两次审议之间，各成员应在其贸易政策发生任何重大变更时提供简要报告；每年将根据议定的格式提供更新的统计信息。对于最不发达国家成员在编写其报告时所遇到的困难应予特别考虑。应请求，秘书处应使发展中国家成员、特别是最不发达国家成员可获得技术援助。报告中所含信息应尽最大可能与根据多边贸易协定和适用的诸边贸易协定的规定作出的通知相协调。
Ｅ．与ＧＡＴＴ１９９４和ＧＡＴＳ国际收支条款的关系
各成员认识到有必要将还需根据ＧＡＴＴ１９９４或ＧＡＴＳ国际收支条款进行全面磋商的政府的负担减少到最低程度。为此，ＴＰＲＢ主席在与有关成员和国际收支限制委员会主席磋商后，应作出可使贸易政策审议的正常节奏与国际收支磋商的时间表相协调的行政安排，但不得将贸易政策审议推迟达１２个月以上。
Ｆ．对机制的评审
ＴＰＲＢ应在《ＷＴＯ协定》生效后５年内对ＴＰＲＭ的运用情况进行一次评审。评审结果将提交部长级会议。ＴＰＲＢ随后还可按其确定或按部长级会议要求的时间间隔对ＴＰＲＭ进行评估。
Ｇ．国际贸易环境发展情况综述
ＴＰＲＢ每年还应对影响多边贸易体制的国际贸易环境的发展情况作出综述。综述将以总干事的年度报告为辅助，该报告列出ＷＴＯ的主要活动，并指出影响贸易体制的重大政策问题。
TRADE POLICY REVIEW MECHANISM
ANNEX 3 OF MARRAKESH AGREEMENT ESTABLISHING THE WORLD TRADEORGANIZATION
TRADE POLICY REVIEW MECHANISM
Members hereby agree as follows:

A. Objectives
(i) The purpose of the Trade Policy Review Mechanism ("TPRM") is to
contribute to improved adherence by all Members to rules, disciplines
and commitments made under the Multilateral Trade Agreements and, where
applicable, the Plurilateral Trade Agreements, and hence to the smoother
functioning of the multilateral trading system, by achieving greater
transparency in, and understanding of, the trade policies and practices
of Members. Accordingly, the review mechanism enables the regular
collective appreciation and evaluation of the full range of individual
Members' trade policies and practices and their impact on the
functioning of the multilateral trading system. It is not, however,
intended to serve as a basis for the enforcement of specific obligations
under the Agreements or for dispute settlement procedures, or to impose
new policy commitments on Members.
(ii) The assessment carried out under the review mechanism takes
place, to the extent relevant, against the background of the wider
economic and developmental needs, policies and objectives of the Member
concerned, as well as of its external environment. However, the function
of the review mechanism is to examine the impact of a Member's trade
policies and practices on the multilateral trading system.

B. Domestic transparency
Members recognize the inherent value of domestic transparency of
government decision-making on trade policy matters for both Members'
economies and the multilateral trading system, and agree to encourage
and promote greater transparency within their own systems, acknowledging
that the implementation of domestic transparency must be on a voluntary
basis and take account of each Member's legal and political systems.

C. Procedures for review
(i) The Trade Policy Review Body (referred to herein as the "TPRB")
is hereby established to carry out trade policy reviews.
(ii) The trade policies and practices of all Members shall be subject
to periodic review. The impact of individual Members on the functioning
of the multilateral trading system, defined in terms of their share of
world trade in a recent representative period, will be the determining
factor in deciding on the frequency of reviews. The first four trading
entities so identified (counting the European Communities as one) shall
be subject to review every two years. The next 16 shall be reviewed
every four years. Other Members shall be reviewed every six years,
except that a longer period may be fixed for least-developed country
Members. It is understood that the review of entities having a common
external policy covering more than one Member shall cover all components
of policy affecting trade including relevant policies and practices of
the individual Members. Exceptionally, in the event of changes in a
Member's trade policies or practices that may have a significant impact
on its trading partners, the Member concerned may be requested by the
TPRB, after consultation, to bring forward its next review.
(iii) Discussions in the meetings of the TPRB shall be governed by
the objectives set forth in paragraph A. The focus of these discussions
shall be on the Member's trade policies and practices, which are the
subject of the assessment under the review mechanism.
(iv) The TPRB shall establish a basic plan for the conduct of the
reviews. It may also discuss and take note of updated reports from
Members. The TPRB shall establish a programme of reviews for each year
in consultation with the Members directly concerned. In consultation
with the Member or Members under review, the Chairman may choose
discussants who, acting in their personal capacity, shall introduce the
discussions in the TPRB.
(v) The TPRB shall base its work on the following documentation:
(a) a full report, referred to in paragraph D, supplied by the Member
or Members under review;
(b) a report, to be drawn up by the Secretariat on its own
responsibility, based on the information available to it and that
provided by the Member or Members concerned. The Secretariat should seek
clarification from the Member or Members concerned of their trade
policies and practices.
(vi) The reports by the Member under review and by the Secretariat,
together with the minutes of the respective meeting of the TPRB, shall
be published promptly after the review.
(vii) These documents will be forwarded to the Ministerial
Conference, which shall take note of them.

D. Reporting
In order to achieve the fullest possible degree of transparency,
each Member shall report regularly to the TPRB. Full reports shall
describe the trade policies and practices pursued by the Member or
Members concerned, based on an agreed format to be decided upon by the
TPRB. This format shall initially be based on the Outline Format for
Country Reports established by the Decision of 19 July 1989 (BISD
36S/406-409), amended as necessary to extend the coverage of reports to
all aspects of trade policies covered by the Multilateral Trade
Agreements in Annex 1 and, where applicable, the Plurilateral Trade
Agreements. This format may be revised by the TPRB in the light of
experience. Between reviews, Members shall provide brief reports when
there are any significant changes in their trade policies; an annual
update of statistical information will be provided according to the
agreed format. Particular account shall be taken of difficulties
presented to least-developed country Members in compiling their reports.
The Secretariat shall make available technical assistance on request to
developing country Members, and in particular to the least developed
country Members. Information contained in reports should to the greatest
extent possible be coordinated with notifications made under provisions
of the Multilateral Trade Agreements and, where applicable, the
Plurilateral Trade Agreements.

E. Relationship with the balance-of-payments provisions of GATT 1994and GATS
Members recognize the need to minimize the burden for governments
also subject to full consultations under the balance-of-payments
provisions of GATT 1994 or GATS. To this end, the Chairman of the TPRB
shall, in consultation with the Member or Members concerned, and with
the Chairman of the Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions,
devise administrative arrangements that harmonize the normal rhythm of
the trade policy reviews with the timetable for balance-of-payments
consultations but do not postpone the trade policy review by more than
12 months.

F. Appraisal of the Mechanism
The TPRB shall undertake an appraisal of the operation of the TPRM
not more than five years after the entry into force of the Agreement
Establishing the WTO. The results of the appraisal will be presented to
the Ministerial Conference. It may subsequently undertake appraisals of
the TPRM at intervals to be determined by it or as requested by the
Ministerial Conference.

G. Overview of Developments in the International Trading Environment
An annual overview of developments in the international trading
environment which are having an impact on the multilateral trading
system shall also be undertaken by the TPRB. The overview is to be
assisted by an annual report by the Director-General setting out major
activities of the WTO and highlighting significant policy issues
affecting the trading system.